Oxford: Oxford University Committee for Archaeology. Jones (ed.) Archaeology and the flora of the British Isles-human influence on the evolution of plant communities (Committee for Archaeology Monograph 14): 86-92. The arable field: a botanical battleground, in M.K. Ornelas (ed.) The Cambridge world history of food: 583–607. Measured domestication rates in wild wheats and barley under primitive cultivation, and their archaeological implications. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 22: 358-75. Motives and opportunities for domestication: an ethnoarchaeological study in southwest Ethiopia. Applications and new developments: 51-65. The identification of charred root and tuber crops from archaeological sites in the Pacific, in J. Domestication, evolution, and sustainability: 21-56. Qualset (ed.) Biodiversity in agriculture. Evolution of agroecosystems: biodiversity, origins, and differential development, in P. Archaeological and ethnoarchaeological perspectives: 16-35. Agriculture, cultivation and domestication: exploring the conceptual framework of early food production, in T. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. Renfrew (ed.) Assessing the language/farming dispersal hypothesis: 31-9. The expansion capacity of early agricultural systems: a comparative perspective on the spread of agriculture, in P. The evolution of plant e xploitation: 11-26. An evolutionary continuum of people-plant interaction, in D.R. Renfrew (ed.) The explanation of culture change: 391-417. The prehistory of tropical agriculture: an ethnoecological model, in C. Arboriculture and agriculture in coastal Papua New Guinea. The contribution of rice agriculture and livestock pastoralism to prehistoric methane levels: an archaeological assessment. Domestication as innovation: the entanglement of techniques, technology and chance in the domestication of cereal crops. Declining oaks, increasing artistry, and cultivating rice: the environmental and social context of the emergence of farming in the Lower Yangtze region. Water management and labour in the origins and dispersal of Asian rice. Contrasting patterns in crop domestication and domestication rates: recent archaeobotanical insights from the Old World. Journal of Archaeological Science 33: 595-614.įuller, D.Q. Early and mid-Holocene tool-use and processing of taro ( Colocasia esculenta), yam ( Dioscorea sp.) and other plants at Kuk Swamp in the highlands of Papua New Guinea. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 112(3): 170–81.įullager, R., J. The origin and spread of qanats in the Old World. Humanity, culture and social life: 197-225. Modes of subsistence: hunting and gathering to agriculture and pastoralism, in T. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.Įllen, R. Agricultural terracing in the aboriginal New World. Walnut Creek (CA): Left Coast Press.ĭonkin, R.A. Archaeological and ethnoarchaeological perspectives: 78-108. Early to Mid-Holocene plant exploitation in New Guinea: towards a contingent interpretation of agriculture, in T. Cultivated plant species diversity in home gardens of an Amazonian peasant village in northeastern Peru. The evolution of plant exploitation: 344-57. Factors responsible for the ennoblement of African yams: inferences from experiments in yam domestication, in D.R. Chicago: Chicago University Press.Ĭhikwendu, V.E. Early hydraulic civilization in Egypt: a study in cultural ecology. Journal of Experimental Botany 61: 935-44.īutzer, K.W. Integrating the processes in the evolutionary system of domestication.
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On the Nasdaq, for example, companies will soon be required to have at least one woman and one person who is not White or heterosexual on their board of directors.īeyond serving as a forum for buying and selling securities, a stock exchange provides a range of important services. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), having a minimum number of shareholders and shares outstanding, plus a range of other qualifications. To be “listed,” or be traded on an exchange, a company must satisfy certain minimum standards, like being registered with the U.S. Likewise, not just any company can trade on a stock exchange. Trading is handled by brokers and dealers that meet strict stock exchange membership requirements. Not just anyone can show up at a stock exchange and buy shares, however. In the past, stock exchanges were physical spaces-like the NYSE trading floor-but today the overwhelming majority of stock exchanges handle all trading electronically. That gives you a more or less accurate picture of how a stock exchange works: It’s a place where buyers and sellers gather to trade stocks. When you think about a stock exchange, chances are you imagine the busy trading floor of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), with hundreds of brokers milling around, shouting buy and sell orders at each other. But stock exchanges are more than just markets: They provide companies with a valuable way to raise capital, encourage investors and companies to be open and transparent, and help the public as a whole understand the value of their investments. A stock exchange is a marketplace where stocks, bonds and other securities are bought and sold. If the car in question is flying through the air in many small pieces due to an explosion, see External Combustion. note This is why far fewer people have pilot's licenses than driver's licenses, and why professional pilots are a better-paid and more prestigious job than most (though not all) professional drivers. The most difficult problem to solve will be that flying a plane requires significantly more skill and training than driving a car. Still, there are attempts to fix this problem. One of the more serious problems is that as they are, in the eyes of the law, both automobiles and aircraft, meaning they require both a driver's license and a private pilot's license to operate. In addition, ones whose wings need to be removed don't actually offer the go-anywhere utility that people seeking a "flying car" want: you'll always have to drive back to wherever you stored those wings if you want to fly again. Such vehicles are expensive, clunky to operate in either form, and not the least bit fuel-efficient. However, the idea has never gotten off the ground (pun intended) for the same reason combined baseball/football stadiums went out of style: their functional needs are so different, making something that does both only succeeds in making it lousy at both. There have been some real-life attempts at combining cars and aircraft, but rather than flying cars, they're better described as "road-able aircraft," basically small planes whose wings can be folded/removed so they can be driven on normal roads. It's also possible that with climate change now a primary concern, and with it the realisation that car emissions contribute a huge chunk to greenhouse gases, pollution and climate change effects, depictions of cars flying en masse may start to smack of environmental disregard, especially as less and less people today are opting to drive on-the-ground cars, in favour of taking-or demanding, if they don't have-mass public transit. The idea of flying vehicles being as common as cars in the future is still frequently used, but in modern works they're more likely to look like futuristic VTOL aircraft than actual cars that fly. Nowadays, this trope is rarely played straight, at least not in its most literal form. This is usually handwaved with some mention of an antigravity device. This would require some rather fanciful technology for a vehicle to get off the ground without wings or a rotor system in place. Otherwise you could say we already have them in the form of helicopters and small planes. When people think of flying cars, they generally mean a vehicle that looks, drives and behaves exactly like an automobile. The lack of flying cars in Real Life is a common complaint. If flying cars are sufficiently common in the setting, they may lead to We Will All Fly in the Future-nothing screams "futuristic (or alien) city-scape" better than giant buildings with all the space between them crammed with flying shiny specks! Either way, you need a flying car! Or sometimes it's just a way to demonstrate that a show is set in a far-flung time and/or place. In a setting more similar to the present day, a flying car can be used to show off the credentials of a superhero or a character who's rich enough to be one of the Fiction 500. Or the story is set in present-day Earth and you simply want to give your hero a Cool Car, but what do you do when missiles, Nitro Boost and Ejection Seats don't suffice to show just how much of a badass he is? Simple: flying cars! Or, your present-day Earthling heroes are visiting an alien planet whose society is light years ahead of us. It's The Future and you want to show how far technology has advanced. Professor Layton and the Unwound Future (This really isn’t a good deal for most people, as we’ll discuss next.) To subscribe for a year, you would have to pay for four $17.99 three-month plans, resulting in the $71.96 cost. Instead, PrivateVPN offers a three-month plan. To be fair in the comparison, PrivateVPN doesn’t really offer an annual plan like Atlas VPN does. Atlas VPN’s annual price of $49.01 (about $4.08 per month) easily beats the best annual plan from PrivateVPN of $71.96 (about $6 per month). 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Through our extensive experience writing about, testing, and using VPNs on a daily basis, we can provide the advice you need to choose the best possible VPN for your needs. That’s where we at Comparitech enter the picture. Testing VPNs for things like strength of security and performance speeds is a challenge. There is little chance of you or any normal consumer having the time or ability to test every VPN to determine which one will best fit your needs. Our chorus starts with your voice.If it feels like VPNs are everywhere these days, that’s because they are. A voice the industry needs if we wish to not just survive but to thrive. We must speak up for the industry when proposed solutions would break the back of our industry. It is essential that we have a seat at the table and a voice to explain the unique approaches this industry takes to problem-solving. In areas of security, privacy, and intellectual property, all eyes are on the Internet infrastructure industry. 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